Solubility tags for the expression and purification of bioactive peptides

ABSTRACT

Peptide tags, referred to here as inclusion body tags, are disclosed useful for the generation of insoluble fusion peptides. The fusion peptides comprise at least one inclusion body tag operably linked to a peptide of interest. Expression of the fusion peptide in a host cell results in a product that is insoluble and contained within inclusion bodies in the cell and/or cell lysate. The inclusion bodies may then be purified and the protein of interest may be isolated after cleavage from the inclusion body tag.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of protein expression and purification from microbial cells. More specifically, a family of small peptide tags is provided useful in the generation of insoluble fusion proteins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The efficient production of bioactive proteins and peptides has become a hallmark of the biomedical and industrial biochemical industry. Bioactive peptides and proteins are used as curative agents in a variety of diseases such as diabetes (insulin), viral infections and leukemia (interferon), diseases of the immune system (interleukins), and red blood cell deficiencies (erythropoietin) to name a few. Additionally, large quantities of proteins and peptides are needed for various industrial applications including, for example, the pulp and paper and pulp industries, textiles, food industries, personal care and cosmetics industries, sugar refining, wastewater treatment, production of alcoholic beverages and as catalysts for the generation of new pharmaceuticals.

With the advent of the discovery and implementation of combinatorial peptide screening technologies such as bacterial display (Kemp, D. J.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78(7): 4520-4524 (1981); yeast display (Chien et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(21): 9578-82 (1991)), combinatorial solid phase peptide synthesis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,754; U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,971; U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,275 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,603), phage display technology (U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,484; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,698; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,500), ribosome display (U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,768; U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,754; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,074,557), and mRNA display technology (PROFUSION™; U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,558; U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,018; U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,344; U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,553; U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,804; U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,446; U.S. Pat. No. 6,846,655; U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,927; U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,685; U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,950; U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,300; U.S. Pat. No. 7,078,197; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,665) new applications for peptides having specific binding affinities have been developed. In particular, peptides are being looked to as linkers in biomedical fields for the attachment of diagnostic and pharmaceutical agents to surfaces (see Grinstaff et al, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0185870 and Linter in U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,419), as well as in the personal care industry for the attachment of benefit agents to body surfaces such as hair and skin (see commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/935,642, and Janssen et al. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0152976), and in the printing industry for the attachment of pigments to print media (see commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/935,254).

In some cases commercially useful proteins and peptides may be synthetically generated or isolated from natural sources. However, these methods are often expensive, time consuming and characterized by limited production capacity. The preferred method of protein and peptide production is through the fermentation of recombinantly constructed organisms, engineered to over-express the protein or peptide of interest. Although preferable to synthesis or isolation, recombinant expression of peptides has a number of obstacles to be overcome in order to be a cost-effective means of production. For example, peptides (and in particular short peptides) produced in a cellular environment are susceptible to degradation from the action of native cellular proteases. Additionally, purification can be difficult, resulting in poor yields depending on the nature of the protein or peptide of interest.

One means to mitigate the above difficulties is the use the genetic chimera for protein and peptide expression. A chimeric protein or “fusion protein” is a polypeptide comprising at least one portion of the desired protein product fused to at least one portion comprising a peptide tag. The peptide tag may be used to assist protein folding, assist post expression purification, protect the protein from the action of degradative enzymes, and/or assist the protein in passing through the cell membrane.

In many cases it is useful to express a protein or peptide in insoluble form, particularly when the peptide of interest is rather short, normally soluble, and/or subject to proteolytic degradation within the host cell. Production of the peptide in insoluble form both facilitates simple recovery and protects the peptide from the undesirable proteolytic degradation. One means to produce the peptide in insoluble form is to recombinantly produce the peptide as part of an insoluble fusion protein by including in the fusion construct at least one peptide tag (i.e., an inclusion body tag) that induces inclusion body formation. Typically, the fusion protein is designed to include at least one cleavable peptide linker so that the peptide of interest can be subsequently recovered from the fusion protein. The fusion protein may be designed to include a plurality of inclusion body tags, cleavable peptide linkers, and regions encoding the peptide of interest.

Fusion proteins comprising a peptide tag that facilitate the expression of insoluble proteins are well known in the art. Typically, the tag portion of the chimeric or fusion protein is large, increasing the likelihood that the fusion protein will be insoluble. Example of large peptide tides typically used include, but are not limited to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Dykes et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 174:411 (1988), β-galactosidase (Schellenberger et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 41:326 (1993); Shen et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 281:4627 (1984); and Kempe et al., Gene, 39:239 (1985)), glutathione-S-transferase (Ray et al., Bio/Technology, 11:64 (1993) and Hancock et al. (WO94/04688)), the N-terminus of L-ribulokinase (U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,154 and Lai et al., Antimicrob. Agents & Chemo., 37:1614 (1993), bacteriophage T4 gp55 protein (Gramm et al., Bio/Technology, 12:1017 (1994), bacterial ketosteroid isomerase protein (Kuliopulos et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:4599 (1994), ubiquitin (Pilon et al., Biotechnol. Prog., 13:374-79 (1997), bovine prochymosin (Haught et al., Biotechnol. Bioengineer. 57:55-61 (1998), and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (“BPI”; Better, M. D. and Gavit, P D., U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,219). The art is replete with specific examples of this technology, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,548, describing fusion protein of proteinaceous tag and a soluble protein and subsequent purification from cell lysate; U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,145, teaching a tag that protects the expressed chimeric protein from a specific protease; U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,244, teaching the synthesis of a fusion protein having a tag and a cleavable linker for facile purification of the desired protein; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,215,896; U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,526; U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,902; and US 2005221444, describing fusion tags containing amino acid compositions specifically designed to increase insolubility of the chimeric protein or peptide.

Shorter inclusion body tags have recently been developed from the Zea mays zein protein (co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/641,936), the Daucus carota cystatin (co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/641,273), and an amyloid-like hypothetical protein from Caenorhabditis elegans (co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362; each hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.) The use of short inclusion body tags increases the yield of the target peptide produced within the recombinant host cell.

The problem to be solved is to provide solubility tags that are effective in preparing fusion proteins comprising a peptide of interest.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The stated problem has been solved though the discovery of a set of structurally similar short inclusion body tags (IBTs) useful for synthesizing fusion proteins for increased expression and simple purification of short peptides (“peptides of interest”).

The invention relates to a set of peptide inclusion body tags that may be linked to a peptide of interest to be expressed to facilitate insolubility and subsequent recovery of the expressed peptide.

Accordingly, the invention provides an inclusion body tag comprising the structure:

Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln-Spacer-[[Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln]-[Spacer]_(m)]_(n)

wherein

Xaa1=Arg, His, or Lys;

Xaa2=Gln, His, or Lys;

Xaa3=Gln, His, or Lys;

Xaa4=Glu or Gln;

Xaa5=Gln or Lys;

n=1 to 10;

m=n−1; and

wherein the Spacer=is a peptide comprising amino acids selected from the group consisting of proline, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, and cysteine.

In a further embodiment, the present inclusion body tags comprise at least two copies of the core sequence (Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln; SEQ ID NO: 58) wherein Xaa1=Arg, His, or Lys; Xaa2=Gln, His, or Lys; Xaa3=Gln, His, or Lys; Xaa4=Glu or Gln; and Xaa5=Gln or Lys; wherein the core sequence is separated by at least one spacer as defined above.

In another embodiment, the inclusion body tag further comprises at least one cross-linkable tetracysteine moiety (CCPGCC; SEQ ID NO: 33). In a further embodiment, the cross-linkable cysteine moiety is located on the amino and/or carboxy terminus of the inclusion body tag defined above.

In another embodiment, the inclusion body tag is selected from the group consisting of IBT103 (SEQ ID NO: 15), IBT138 (SEQ ID NO: 19), IBT 139 (SEQ ID NO: 21), IBT139.CCPGCC (SEQ ID NO: 31); IBT 182 (SEQ ID NO: 39), IBT 183 (SEQ ID NO: 41), IBT184 (SEQ ID NO: 43), IBT185 (SEQ ID NO: 45), IBT 186 (SEQ ID NO: 27), IBT 187a (SEQ ID NO: 47), and IBT187b (SEQ ID NO: 49).

In another embodiment, an insoluble fusion peptide is provided comprising the present inclusion body tag (IBT) operably linked to a peptide of interest (POI) and separated by at least once cleavable peptide linker sequence (CS).

In another embodiment, the peptide of interest is selected from the group consisting of hair-binding peptides, nail-binding peptides, skin-binding peptides, polymer-binding peptides, clay-binding peptides, antimicrobial peptides, pigment-binding peptides, and cellulose-binding peptides.

In yet another embodiment, the peptide of interest is a multi-block peptide.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for expressing a peptide of interest in insoluble form comprising:

a) synthesizing a genetic construct encoding a fusion peptide comprising a first portion encoding the inclusion body tag of the invention operably linked to a second portion encoding a peptide of interest;

b) transforming an expression host cell with the genetic construct of (a);

c) growing the transformed host cell of (b) under conditions wherein the genetic construct is expressed and the encoded fusion peptide is produced in an insoluble form; and

d) recovering said fusion peptide in said insoluble form.

In another embodiment, a method for the production of a peptide of interest is provided comprising:

a) synthesizing a genetic construct encoding a fusion peptide comprising a first portion comprising present inclusion body tag operably linked to a second portion comprising a peptide of interest;

wherein said first portion and said second portion are separated by at least one cleavable peptide linker;

b) transforming an expression host cell with the genetic construct of (a);

c) growing the transformed host cell of (b) under conditions wherein the genetic construct is expressed and the encoded fusion peptide is produced in an insoluble form;

d) recovering the fusion peptide in said insoluble form;

e) cleaving said at least one cleavable peptide linker whereby said first portion of the fusion peptide is no longer fused to said second portion; and

f) recovering said peptide of interest.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a chimeric genetic construct encoding a fusion protein comprising at least one of the present inclusion body tags and at least one peptide of interest.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides expression vectors and microbial host cells comprising the present chimeric genetic constructs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a CLUSTALW alignment of the present inclusion body tags. The regions representing the core sequence are underlined.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of expression plasmid pLX121. Construction of pLX121 is described U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362; herein incorporated by reference.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of expression plasmid pSF032.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of expression plasmid pLR186.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of expression plasmid pSF043.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCES

The following sequences comply with 37 C.F.R. 1.821-1.825 (“Requirements for patent applications Containing Nucleotide Sequences and/or Amino Acid Sequence Disclosures—the Sequence Rules”) and are consistent with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25 (1998) and the sequence listing requirements of the EPC and PCT (Rules 5.2 and 49.5(a-bis), and Section 208 and Annex C of the Administrative Instructions). The symbols and format used for nucleotide and amino acid sequence data comply with the rules set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822.

SEQ ID NO: 1 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pLX121.

SEQ ID NO: 2 is the nucleotide sequence of plasmid pSF032.

SEQ ID NO: 3 is the amino acid sequence of hair-binding peptide A09.

SEQ ID NO: 4 is the amino acid sequence of hair-binding peptide KF11.

SEQ ID NO: 5 is the amino acid sequence of hair-binding peptide D21′.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding HC77607.

SEQ ID NO: 7 is the amino acid sequence of HC77607.

SEQ ID NO: 8 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding HC77638.

SEQ ID NO: 9 is the amino acid sequence of HC77638.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding HC77643.

SEQ ID NO: 11 is the amino acid sequence of HC77643.

SEQ ID NO: 12 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding HC77681.

SEQ ID NO: 13 is the amino acid sequence of HC77681.

SEQ ID NO: 14 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT103.

SEQ ID NO: 15 is the amino acid sequence of IBT103.

SEQ ID NO: 16 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT136.

SEQ ID NO: 17 is the amino acid sequence of IBT136 and the P₁₁-II peptide described in Aggeli et al. (PNAS 98(21):11857-11862 (2001).

SEQ ID NO: 18 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT138.

SEQ ID NO: 19 is the amino acid sequence of IBT138.

SEQ ID NO: 20 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT139.

SEQ ID NO: 21 is the amino acid sequence of IBT139.

SEQ ID NO: 22 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 23 is the amino acid sequence of HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 24 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding fusion peptide

IBT139.HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 25 is the amino acid sequence of IBT139.HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 26 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT186.

SEQ ID NO: 27 is the amino acid sequence of IBT186.

SEQ ID NO: 28 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding fusion peptide

IBT186.HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 29 is the amino acid sequence of IBT186.HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 30 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT139.CCPGCC.

SEQ ID NO: 31 is the amino acid sequence of IBT139.CCPGCC.

SEQ ID NO: 32 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the cross-linkable cysteine moiety CCPGCC.

SEQ ID NO: 33 is the amino acid sequence of the cross-linkable cysteine moiety CCPGCC.

SEQ ID NOs: 34-35 are the nucleic acid sequences of oligonucleotides used to prepare IBT139.CCPGCC.

SEQ ID NO: 36 is the nucleic acid sequence of fusion peptide IBT139.CCPGCC.HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 37 is the amino acid sequence of fusion peptide IBT139.CCPGCC.HC776124.

SEQ ID NO: 38 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT182.

SEQ ID NO: 39 is the amino acid sequence of IBT182.

SEQ ID NO: 40 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT183.

SEQ ID NO: 41 is the amino acid sequence of IBT183.

SEQ ID NO: 42 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT184

SEQ ID NO: 43 is the amino acid sequence of IBT184.

SEQ ID NO: 44 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT185

SEQ ID NO: 45 is the amino acid sequence of IBT185.

SEQ ID NO: 46 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT187a

SEQ ID NO: 47 is the amino acid sequence of IBT187a.

SEQ ID NO: 48 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding IBT187b

SEQ ID NO: 49 is the amino acid sequence of IBT187b.

SEQ ID NO: 50 is the nucleic acid sequence of plasmid pSF043.

SEQ ID NO: 51 is the nucleic acid sequence of plasmid pLR186.

SEQ ID NO: 52 is the nucleic acid sequence of the KSI(C4).

SEQ ID NO: 53 is the amino acid sequence of KSI(C4).

SEQ ID NO: 54 is the nucleic acid sequence encoding the fusion peptide KSI(C4)-HC7643.

SEQ ID NO: 55 is the amino acid sequence of fusion peptide KSI(C4)-HC77643.

SEQ ID NOs: 56-57 are the amino acid sequences of spacers used in the present inclusion body tags.

SEQ ID NO: 58 is the amino acid sequence of the core sequence found in the present inclusion body tags

SEQ ID NOs: 59-147 are the amino acid sequences of hair binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs: 148-155 are the amino acid sequences of skin binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs: 156-157 are the amino acid sequences of nail-binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs: 158-186 are the amino acid sequences of antimicrobial peptides.

SEQ ID NOs: 187-211 are the amino acid sequences of pigment binding peptides. Specifically, SEQ ID NOs: 187-190 bind to carbon black,

SEQ ID NOs: 191-199 bind to CROMOPHTAL® yellow (Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland), SEQ ID NOs: 200-202 bind to SUNFAST® magenta (Sun Chemical Corp., Parsippany, N.J.), and SEQ ID NOs: 203-211 bind to SUNFAST® blue.

SEQ ID NOs: 212-217 are cellulose-binding peptides.

SEQ ID NOs: 218-244 are the amino acid sequences of polymer binding peptides. Specifically, SEQ ID NO: 218 binds to poly(ethylene terephthalate), SEQ ID NOs: 219-229 bind to poly(methyl methacrylate), SEQ ID NOs: 230-235 bind to Nylon, and SEQ ID NOs: 236-244 bind to poly(tetrafluoroethylene).

SEQ ID NOs: 245-260 are the amino acid sequences of clay binding peptides.

SEQ ID NO: 261 is the amino acid sequence of the Caspase-3 cleavage sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 262 is the amino acid sequence of the preferred inclusion body tag of the invention comprising a spacer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes a set of peptide tags (inclusion body tags) that may be coupled with a peptide of interest to form a fusion peptide. The fusion peptide, so assembled, is expressed in insoluble form and accumulated in inclusion bodies in the expressing host cell. The inclusion bodies are recovered and subsequently cleaved to separate the peptide of interest from the inclusion body tag. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein comprises at least one cleavable peptide linker separating the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. In another preferred embodiment, the cleavable peptide linker comprises at least one acid cleavable aspartic acid—proline moiety.

In a further embodiment, the inclusion body tag comprises an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues useful during subsequent processing to separate the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. In yet a further embodiment, the inclusion body tag comprises at least one cross-linkable cysteine moiety CCPGCC (SEQ ID NO: 33) on the amino and/or carboxy terminus of the IBT.

The invention is useful for the expression and recovery of any bioactive peptides and proteins that are recombinantly expressed. Such proteins typically have high value in any number of applications including, but not limited to medical, biomedical, diagnostic, personal care, and affinity applications where the peptides of interest are used as linkers to various surfaces.

The following definitions are used herein and should be referred to for interpretation of the claims and the specification. Unless otherwise noted, all U.S. patents and U.S. patent applications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

As used herein, the term “comprising” means the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components as referred to in the claims, but that it does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to modifying the quantity of an ingredient or reactant of the invention or employed refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make the compositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities.

As used herein, the term “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is a polymer of RNA or DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non-natural or altered nucleotide bases. An isolated nucleic acid molecule in the form of a polymer of DNA may be comprised of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

As used herein, the term “pigment” refers to an insoluble, organic or inorganic colorant.

As used herein, the term “hair” as used herein refers to human hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

As used herein, the term “skin” as used herein refers to human skin, or substitutes for human skin, such as pig skin, VITRO-SKIN® and EPIDERM™. Skin, as used herein, will refer to a body surface generally comprising a layer of epithelial cells and may additionally comprise a layer of endothelial cells.

As used herein, the term “nails” as used herein refers to human fingernails and toenails.

As used herein, “PBP” means polymer-binding peptide. As used herein, the term “polymer-binding peptide” refers to peptide sequences that bind with high affinity to a specific polymer (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362). Examples include peptides that bind to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (SEQ ID NO: 218), poly(methyl methacrylate) (SEQ ID NOs: 219-229), Nylon (SEQ ID NOs: 230-235), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (SEQ ID NOs: 236-244).

As used herein, “HBP” means hair-binding peptide. As used herein, the term “hair-binding peptide” refers to peptide sequences that bind with high affinity to hair. The hair-binding peptide may be comprised of a single hair-binding domain or multiple binding domains wherein at least one of the binding-domains binds to hair (i.e. multi-block peptides). Examples of hair binding peptides have been reported (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/074,473 to Huang et al.; WO 0179479; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0098524 to Murray et al.; Janssen et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0152976 to Janssen et al.; WO 2004048399; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/512,910, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380). Examples of hair-binding peptides are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 3-5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 23, and 59-147.

As used herein, “SBP” means skin-binding peptide. As used herein, the term “skin-binding peptide” refers to peptide sequences that bind with high affinity to skin. Examples of skin binding peptides have also been reported (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/069,858 to Buseman-Williams; Rothe et. al., WO 2004/000257; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380). Skin as used herein as a body surface will generally comprise a layer of epithelial cells and may additionally comprise a layer of endothelial cells. Examples of skin-binding peptides are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 148-155.

As used herein, “NBP” means nail-binding peptide. As used herein, the term “nail-binding peptide” refers to peptide sequences that bind with high affinity to nail. Examples of nail binding peptides have been reported (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380). Examples of nail-binding peptides are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 156-157.

As used herein, an “antimicrobial peptide” is a peptide having the ability to kill microbial cell populations (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362). Examples of antimicrobial peptides are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 158-186.

As used herein, “cellulose-binding peptide” refers to a peptide that binds with high affinity to cellulose. Examples of cellulose-binding peptides are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 212 to 217.

As used herein, “clay-binding peptide” refers to a peptide that binds with high affinity to clay (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380). Examples of clay-binding peptides are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 245 to 260.

As used herein, “multi-block peptides” refers to a peptide comprising at least two binding moieties. Each binding moiety has an affinity for a target substrate (e.g. hair, skin, a pigment, etc). The binding moieties may have an affinity for the same or different substrates (for example, a hair-binding moiety fused to a pigment binding moiety for targeted delivery of a pigment to hair or a peptide having a plurality of hair-binding moieties).

As used herein, the term “inclusion body tag” will be abbreviated “IBT” and will refer a polypeptide that facilitates formation of inclusion bodies when fused to a peptide of interest. The peptide of interest is typically soluble within the host cell and/or host cell lysate when not fused to an inclusion body tag. Fusion of the peptide of interest to the inclusion body tag produces a fusion protein that agglomerates into intracellular bodies (inclusion bodies) within the host cell.

As used herein, the term “spacer” will refer to a peptide within the present inclusion body tags used to separate the core sequences (SEQ ID NO: 58). In one embodiment, the spacer is 2-10 amino acids in length, preferably 3 to 6 amino acids in length, and most preferably 3 to 4 amino acids in length and is comprised of amino acids selected from the group consisting of proline, glycine, cysteine, arginine, and glutamic acid. In one embodiment, the spacer is selected from the group consisting of Pro-Arg-Gly, Pro-Cys-Gly, Pro-Arg-Cys-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 56), Pro-Glu-Gly, and Pro-Glu-Cys-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 57).

As used herein, “cleavable linker elements”, “peptide linkers”, “cleavable peptide linkers”, and “cleavage site” will be used interchangeably and refer to cleavable peptide segments located between the inclusion body tag and the peptide of interest. After the inclusion bodies are separated and/or partially-purified or purified from the cell lysate, the cleavable linker elements can be cleaved chemically and/or enzymatically to separate the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. The fusion peptide may also include a plurality of regions encoding one or more peptides of interest separated by one or more cleavable peptide linkers. The peptide of interest can then be isolated from the inclusion body tag, if necessary. In one embodiment, the inclusion body tag(s) and the peptide of interest exhibit different solubilities in a defined medium (typically an aqueous medium), facilitating separation of the inclusion body tag from the polypeptide of interest. In a preferred embodiment, the inclusion body tag is insoluble in an aqueous solution while the protein/polypeptide of interest is appreciably soluble in an aqueous solution. The pH, temperature, and/or ionic strength of the aqueous solution can be adjusted to facilitate recovery of the peptide of interest. In a preferred embodiment, the differential solubility between the inclusion body tag and the peptide of interest occurs in an aqueous solution having a pH of 5 to 10 and a temperature range of 15° C. to 50° C. The cleavable peptide linker may be from 1 to about 50 amino acids, preferably from 1 to about 20 amino acids in length. An example of an enzymatically cleavable peptide linker is provided by SEQ ID NO: 261 (Caspase-3 cleavage sequence). In a preferred embodiment, the cleavage site is an acid cleavable aspartic acid—proline dipeptide (D-P) moiety. The cleavable peptide linkers may be incorporated into the fusion proteins using any number of techniques well known in the art. In a further embodiment, the present inclusion body tag comprises an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues whereby oxidative cross-linking can be used to selective precipitate the IBT once cleaved from the POI (co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/951,754 entitled “Recombinant Peptide Production Using A Cross-Linkable Solubility Tag”).

As used herein, the terms “effective number of cysteine residues” and “effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues” are used to describe the number of cysteine residues required to obtain oxidative cross-linking when the IBTs are subjected to oxidizing conditions. One of skill in the art will recognize that the use of oxidative cross-linking to selectively precipitate the IBT from the POI (post cleavage of the fusion peptide) will require a POI that is devoid of cysteine residues. It is well within the skill of one in the art to vary the number and/or location of the cysteine residues within the fusion peptide to practice the present process. In one embodiment, the effective number of cysteine residues is at least 3, preferably at least 4. In another embodiment, the effective number of cysteine residues is 3 to about 20, preferably 3 to about 10, more preferably 4 to about 6, more preferably 4 to about 5, and most preferably 4 cross-linkable cysteine residues.

As used herein, the terms “cross-linking”, “oxidative cross-linking”, and “cysteine cross-linking” refers to the process of cross-linking the thiol groups of cysteine residues (i.e. forming intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds) under oxidizing conditions. By definition, the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds occurs between two or more molecules (i.e. a “plurality”) comprising an effective number cross-linkable cysteine residues. As used herein, a “plurality” of molecules will alternatively be referred to herein as a “population” of molecules. In order to promoter intermolecular cross-linking, an effective number (i.e. at least 3) cross-linkable cysteine residues are incorporated into the inclusion body tag with the proviso that the portion comprising the POI is devoid of cross-linkable cysteine residues. In a preferred embodiment, the cross-linkable cysteine residues are engineered into the inclusion body tag so that the peptide of interest (which does not contain a cross-linkable cysteine residue) is isolated as a soluble peptide from the insoluble, cross-linked, inclusion body tags.

As used herein, the term “oxidizing conditions” refers to reaction conditions which favor and promoter the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues. Disulfide bond formation can be induced by any number of means well known in the art including, but not limited to contacting the cross-linkable cysteine residues with a gas comprised of oxygen (i.e. diatomic and/or triatomic oxygen) and/or the addition of chemical oxidants. The use of gas comprising molecular oxygen is preferred. In a further embodiment, a gas comprising diatomic and/or triatomic oxygen is bubbled and/or sparged through the aqueous reaction solution for a period of time to achieve effective oxidative cross-linking. The oxidative cross-linking step may optionally include the act of mixing and/or stirring of the aqueous reaction mixture for optimal results. Examples of chemical oxidants are well-known in the art and may include, but are not limited to peroxide compounds, hypochlorite, halogens, and permanganate salts; to name a few.

As used herein, the term “reducing conditions” refers to reaction conditions which favor and promoter the reduction of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues (i.e. breaks disulfide bond used for cross-linking). Disulfide bonds can be reduced by any number of means well known such as the use of nitrogen purge and/or a chemical reducing agent such as Na₂SO₃, DTT (dithiothreitol), TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine), 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-mercaptoethylamine, and mixtures thereof. Generally reducing agents include those that contain thiol groups, those that are phosphines and their derivatives as well as sulfites and thiosulfites.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence when it is capable of affecting the expression of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). In a further embodiment, the definition of “operably linked” may also be extended to describe the products of chimeric genes, such as fusion peptides. As such, “operably linked” will also refer to the linking of an inclusion body tag to a peptide of interest to be produced and recovered. The inclusion body tag is “operably linked” to the peptide of interest if upon expression the fusion protein is insoluble and accumulates as inclusion bodies in the expressing host cell.

As used herein, the terms “fusion protein”, “fusion peptide”, “chimeric protein”, and “chimeric peptide” will be used interchangeably and will refer to a polymer of amino acids (peptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide, or protein) comprising at least two portions, each portion comprising a distinct function. At least one first portion of the fusion peptide comprises at least one of the present inclusion body tags. At least one second portion of the fusion peptide comprises at least one peptide of interest.

Means to prepare the present peptides (inclusion body tags, cleavable peptide linkers, peptides of interest, spacer peptides, and fusion peptides) are well known in the art (see, for example, Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., 1984; Bodanszky, Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984; and Pennington et al., Peptide Synthesis Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., 1994). The various components of the fusion peptides (inclusion body tag, peptide of interest, and the cleavable linker/cleavage sequence) described herein can be combined using carbodiimide coupling agents (see for example, Hermanson, Greg T., Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press, New York (1996)), diacid chlorides, diisocyanates and other difunctional coupling reagents that are reactive to terminal amine and/or carboxylic acid groups on the peptides. However, chemical synthesis is often limited to peptides of less than about 50 amino acids length due to cost and/or impurities. In a preferred embodiment, the biological molecules (IBTs, POIs, fusion peptides, etc) described herein are prepared using standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques.

As used herein, the terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” will be used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of two or more amino acids joined together by a peptide bond, wherein the peptide is of unspecified length, thus, peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, and proteins are included within the present definition. In one aspect, this term also includes post expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylations, acetylations, phosphorylations and the like. Included within the definition are, for example, peptides containing one or more analogues of an amino acid or labeled amino acids and peptidomimetics. In a preferred embodiment, the present IBTs are comprised of L-amino acids.

As used herein, the terms “protein of interest”, “polypeptide of interest”, “peptide of interest”, “targeted protein”, “targeted polypeptide”, “targeted peptide”, “expressible protein”, and “expressible polypeptide” will be used interchangeably and refer to a protein, polypeptide, or peptide that is bioactive and may be expressed by the genetic machinery of a host cell.

As used herein, the term “bioactive” or “peptide of interest activity” refers to the activity or characteristic associated with the peptide and/or protein of interest. The bioactive peptides may be used in a variety of applications including, but not limited to curative agents for diseases (e.g., insulin, interferon, interleukins, anti-angiogenic peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,426), and polypeptides that bind to defined cellular targets (with the proviso that the peptide of interest is not an antibody or the Fab fragment of an antibody) such as receptors, channels, lipids, cytosolic proteins, and membrane proteins, to name a few), peptides having antimicrobial activity, peptides having an affinity for a particular material (e.g., hair binding polypeptides, skin binding polypeptides, nail binding polypeptides, cellulose binding polypeptides, polymer binding polypeptides, clay binding polypeptides, silicon binding polypeptides, carbon nanotube binding polypeptides, and peptides that have an affinity for particular animal or plant tissues) for targeted delivery of benefit agents. The peptide of interest is typically no more than 300 amino acids in length, preferably less than 200 amino acids in length, and most preferably less than 100 amino acids in length. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide of interest is a peptide selected from a combinatorially generated library wherein the peptide is selected based on a specific affinity for a target substrate.

As used herein, the “benefit agent” refers to a molecule that imparts a desired functionality to a complex involving the peptide of interest for a defined application. The benefit agent may be peptide of interest itself or may be one or more molecules bound to (covalently or non-covalently), or associated with, the peptide of interest wherein the binding affinity of the targeted polypeptide is used to selectively target the benefit agent to the targeted material. In another embodiment, the targeted polypeptide comprises at least one region having an affinity for at least one target material (e.g., biological molecules, polymers, hair, skin, nail, clays, other peptides, etc.) and at least one region having an affinity for the benefit agent (e.g., pharmaceutical agents, pigments, conditioners, dyes, fragrances, etc.). In another embodiment, the peptide of interest comprises a plurality of regions having an affinity for the target material and a plurality of regions having an affinity for the benefit agent. In yet another embodiment, the peptide of interest comprises at least one region having an affinity for a targeted material and a plurality of regions having an affinity for a variety of benefit agents wherein the benefit agents may be the same of different. Examples of benefits agents may include, but are not limited to conditioners for personal care products, pigments, dyes, fragrances, pharmaceutical agents (e.g., targeted delivery of cancer treatment agents), diagnostic/labeling agents, ultraviolet light blocking agents (i.e., active agents in sunscreen protectants), and antimicrobial agents (e.g., antimicrobial peptides), to name a few.

As used herein, an “inclusion body” is an intracellular amorphous deposit comprising aggregated protein found in the cytoplasm of a cell. Peptides of interest that are typically soluble with the host cell and/or cell lysates can be fused to one or more of the present inclusion body tags to facilitate formation of an insoluble fusion protein. In an alternative embodiment, the peptide of interest may be partially insoluble in the host cell, but produced at relatively lows levels where significant inclusion body formation does not occur. As such, the formation of inclusion bodies will increase peptide production. In a further embodiment, fusion of the peptide of interest to one or more inclusion body tags (IBTs) increases the amount of protein produced in the host cell. Formation of the inclusion body facilitates simple and efficient purification of the fusion peptide from the cell lysate using techniques well known in the art such as centrifugation and filtration. In another embodiment, the inclusion body tag comprises an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues useful for separating the IBT from the peptide of interest (post cleavage into a mixture of peptide fragments) with the proviso that the peptide of interest is devoid of cysteine residues. The fusion protein typically includes one or more cleavable peptide linkers used to separate the protein/polypeptide of interest from the inclusion body tag(s). The cleavable peptide linker is designed so that the inclusion body tag(s) and the protein/polypeptide(s) of interest can be easily separated by cleaving the linker element. The peptide linker can be cleaved chemically (e.g., acid hydrolysis) or enzymatically (i.e., use of a protease/peptidase that preferentially recognizes an amino acid cleavage site and/or sequence within the cleavable peptide linker).

“Codon degeneracy” refers to the nature in the genetic code permitting variation of the nucleotide sequence without affecting the amino acid sequence of an encoded polypeptide. Accordingly, the instant invention relates to any nucleic acid fragment that encodes the present amino acid sequences. The skilled artisan is well aware of the “codon-bias” exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. Therefore, when synthesizing a gene for improved expression in a host cell, it is desirable to design the gene such that its frequency of codon usage approaches the frequency of preferred codon usage of the host cell.

As used herein, the term “solubility” refers to the amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a unit volume of a liquid under specified conditions. In the present application, the term “solubility” is used to describe the ability of a peptide (inclusion body tag, peptide of interest, or fusion peptides) to be resuspended in a volume of solvent, such as a biological buffer. In one embodiment, the peptides targeted for production (“peptides of interest”) are normally soluble in the cell and/or cell lysate under normal physiological conditions. Fusion of one or more inclusion body tags (IBTs) to the target peptide results in the formation of a fusion peptide that is insoluble under normal physiological conditions, resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies. In one embodiment, the peptide of interest is insoluble in an aqueous matrix having a pH range of 5-12, preferably 6-10; and a temperature range of 5° C. to 50° C., preferably 10° C. to 40° C.

The term “amino acid” refers to the basic chemical structural unit of a protein or polypeptide. The following abbreviations are used herein to identify specific amino acids:

Three-Letter One-Letter Amino Acid Abbreviation Abbreviation Alanine Ala A Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn N Aspartic acid Asp D Cysteine Cys C Glutamine Gln Q Glutamic acid Glu E Glycine Gly G Histidine His H Isoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Lysine Lys K Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y Valine Val V Any naturally-occurring amino acid Xaa X (or as defined by the formulas described herein)

“Gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences “Chimeric gene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences (including coding regions engineered to encode fusion peptides) that are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that found in nature. A “foreign” gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes.

As used herein, the term “coding sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that encodes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, enhancers, ribosomal binding sites, translation leader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNA processing site, effector binding sites, and stem-loop structures. One of skill in the art recognizes that selection of suitable regulatory sequences will depend upon host cell and/or expression system used.

As used herein, the term “genetic construct” refers to a series of contiguous nucleic acids useful for modulating the genotype or phenotype of an organism. Non-limiting examples of genetic constructs include but are not limited to a nucleic acid molecule, and open reading frame, a gene, a plasmid and the like.

As used herein, the term “expression ranking” means the relative yield of insoluble fusion protein estimated visually and scored on a relative scale of 0 (no insoluble fusion peptide) to 3 (highest yield of insoluble fusion peptide). Any number of means may be used by one of skill in the art to assess inclusion body formation with a recombinant host cell. As described in the present examples, the relative yield of insoluble fusion peptide was estimated visually from stained polyacrylamide gels. Any IBT capable of generating an expression ranking above zero (i.e. 1, 2, or 3) is considered to be an effective solubility tag. Conversely, effective solubility tags may also be identified using a qualitative assessment (i.e. observed inclusion bodies).

As used herein, the term “host cell” refers to cell which has been transformed or transfected, or is capable of transformation or transfection by an exogenous polynucleotide sequence.

As used herein, the terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell. “Transformation cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that facilitates transformation of a particular host cell. “Expression cassette” refers to a specific vector containing a foreign gene and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that allow for enhanced expression of that gene in a foreign host.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J. and Russell, D., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2001); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L. and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Press Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel, F. M. et. al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5^(th) Ed. Current Protocols and John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N.Y., 2002.

Inclusion Body Tags

Amyloid-like proteins tend to have amyloid fibrillar morphologies and the aggregated proteins often exhibit β-sheet tape architecture. An 11 amino acid synthetic peptide (i.e. peptide “PII-2”; also known as peptide “DN1”) capable of self-assembly into β-sheet tapes, ribbons, fibrils, and fibers in water has been described (Aggeli et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 125:9619-9628 (2003); Aggeli et al., PNAS, 98(21):11857-11862 (2001); Aggeli et al., Nature, 386:259-262 (1997); and Aggeli et al., J. Mater Chem, 7(7):1135-1145 (1997).

The PII-2 peptide (identical to IBT-136; SEQ ID NO: 17) was selected as the starting material for preparation of a family of structurally-related inclusion body tags comprising at least two copies of the core sequence Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln (SEQ ID NO: 58) wherein Xaa1=Arg, His, or Lys; Xaa2=Gln, His, or Lys; Xaa3=Gln, His, or Lys; Xaa4=Glu or Gln; and Xaa5=Gln or Lys (see bolded portion of Formula 1, below).

A series of IBT-136 analogues were prepared and evaluated. Several approaches were taken including varying copy number, altering the charge of the tag, altering the composition of the spacer elements separating the core sequences, and altering the number of cross-linkable cysteine residues/moieties. A short spacer sequence was inserted between the core sequences. In one embodiment, the “spacer” of Formula 1 is a peptide of 2 to 10 amino acids length, preferably 3 to 6 amino acids in length, and most preferably 3 to 4 amino acids in length and is comprised of amino acids selected from the group consisting of proline, glycine, cysteine, arginine, and glutamic acid. In a further embodiment, the “spacer” sequences are selected from the group consisting of Pro-Arg-Gly, Pro-Cys-Gly, Pro-Arg-Cys-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 56), Pro-Glu-Gly, and Pro-Glu-Cys-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 57).

The structure of the present inclusion body tags is defined by Formula 1 (3-letter abbreviations of the various amino acids are used unless otherwise noted).

Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln-Spacer-[[Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln]-[Spacer]_(m)]_(n (SEQ ID NO:)262)  Formula 1.

wherein

Xaa1=Arg, His, or Lys;

Xaa2=Gln, His, or Lys;

Xaa3=Gln, His, or Lys;

Xaa4=Glu or Gln;

Xaa5=Gln or Lys;

n=1 to 10;

m=n−1; and

wherein the Spacer=is a peptide comprising amino acids selected from the group consisting of proline, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, and cysteine.

In a preferred embodiment, n=1 to 3.

Each of the present inclusion body tags was operably linked to a short peptide of interest (POI) that is appreciably soluble in the host cell under normal physiological conditions. The resulting fusion proteins/peptides were produced as insoluble inclusion bodies. Each fusion peptide was recombinantly expressed in an appropriate host cell and evaluated for insoluble fusion peptide formation. Means to determine inclusion body formation are known in the art including, but not limited to gel separation and analysis techniques (e.g., SDS-PAGE).

In another embodiment, the inclusion body tag further comprises at least one cross-linkable cysteine moiety (CCPGCC; SEQ ID NO: 33). In a further embodiment, the at least one cross-linkable cysteine moiety is located on the amino and/or carboxy terminus of the inclusion body tag defined by Formula 1.

In another embodiment, the inclusion body tag is selected from the group consisting of IBT103 (SEQ ID NO: 15), IBT138 (SEQ ID NO: 19), IBT 139 (SEQ ID NO: 21), IBT138.CCPGCC (SEQ ID NO: 31), IBT 182 (SEQ ID NO: 39), IBT 183 (SEQ ID NO: 41), IBT184 (SEQ ID NO: 43), IBT185 (SEQ ID NO: 45), IBT 186 (SEQ ID NO: 27), IBT 187a (SEQ ID NO: 47), and IBT187b (SEQ ID NO: 49). A CLUSTALW alignment of the present inclusion body tags is provided in FIG. 1 (the repeated core sequence is underlined).

In another embodiment, an insoluble fusion protein is provided comprising at least one of present inclusion body tags (IBT) operably linked to a peptide of interest (POI) and separated by at least once cleavable peptide linker sequence (CS). In a preferred aspect, the cleavable peptide linker (CS) comprises at least one acid cleavable aspartic acid—proline (Asp-Pro) moiety.

-   -   IBT-CS-POI         -   or     -   POI-CS-IBT

In another embodiment, the fusion peptide comprises an inclusion body tag comprising an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues. As described in co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/951,754 entitled “Recombinant Peptide Production Using a Cross-Linkable Solubility Tag”, the inclusion of an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues is useful to selectively precipitate and separate the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest during processing. Upon cleavage of the fusion peptide, the mixture of fragments (IBTs and POs) is subjected to oxidizing conditions for a period of time sufficient to cross-link the effective number of cysteine residues incorporated into the IBT. The oxidative cross-linking selectively precipitates the IBTs from the soluble peptide of interest with the proviso that the peptide of interest is devoid of cross-linkable cysteine residues.

IBTs comprising cysteine residues may be effectively used a solubility tags in combination with a peptide of interest having cross-linkable cysteine residues. However, in such situations an oxidative-cross linking step will typically be omitted during subsequent POI isolation.

Expressible Peptides of Interest

The peptide of interest (“expressible peptide”) targeted for production using the present method is one that is appreciably soluble in the host cell and/or host cell liquid lysate under normal physiological conditions. In a preferred aspect, the peptides of interest are generally short (<300 amino acids in length) and difficult to produce in sufficient amounts due to proteolytic degradation. Fusion of the peptide of interest to at least one of the present inclusion body forming tags creates a fusion peptide that is insoluble in the host cell and/or host cell lysate under normal physiological conditions. Production of the peptide of interest is typically increased when expressed and accumulated in the form of an insoluble inclusion body as the peptide is generally more protected from proteolytic degradation. Furthermore, the insoluble fusion protein can be easily separated from the host cell lysate using centrifugation or filtration.

In general, the present inclusion body tags can be used in a process to produce any peptide of interest that is (1) typically soluble in the cell and/or cell lysate under typical physiological conditions and/or (2) those that can be produced at significantly higher levels when expressed in the form of an inclusion body. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide of interest is appreciably soluble in the host cell and/or corresponding cell lysate under normal physiological and/or process conditions.

The length of the peptide of interest may vary as long as (1) the peptide is appreciably soluble in the host cell and/or cell lysate, and/or (2) the amount of the targeted peptide produced is significantly increased when expressed in the form of an insoluble fusion peptide/inclusion body (i.e. expression in the form of a fusion protein protect the peptide of interest from proteolytic degradation). Typically the peptide of interest is less than 300 amino acids in length, preferably less than 100 amino acids in length, more preferably less than 75 amino acids in length, even more preferably less than 50 amino acids in length, and most preferably less than 25 amino acids in length.

The function of the peptide of interest is not limited by the present method and may include, but is not limited to bioactive molecules such as curative agents for diseases (e.g., insulin, interferon, interleukins, peptide hormones, anti-angiogenic peptides, and peptides (with the proviso that the peptide is not an antibody or an Fab portion of an antibody) that bind to and affect defined cellular targets such as receptors, channels, lipids, cytosolic proteins, and membrane proteins; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,089,), peptides having an affinity for a particular material (e.g., biological tissues, biological molecules, hair binding peptides (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/074,473; WO 0179479; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0098524; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0152976; WO 04048399; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/512,910; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380), skin binding peptides (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/069,858; WO 2004/000257; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380), nail binding peptides (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/074,473; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380), cellulose binding peptides, polymer binding peptides (U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/607,723, 11/607,792, 11/607,734, 11/607,672, and 11/607,673), and clay binding peptides (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380), for targeted delivery of at least one benefit agent (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/935,642; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/074,473; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380).

In a preferred aspect, the peptide of interest is an affinity peptide identified from a combinatorially generated peptide library. In a further aspect, the peptide is selected from a combinatorially generated library wherein said library was prepared using a technique selected from the group consisting of phage display, yeast display, bacterial display, ribosomal display and mRNA display.

In a preferred aspect, the peptide of interest is selected from the group of hair binding peptides, skin binding peptides, nail binding peptides, antimicrobial peptides, pigment binding peptides, clay-binding peptides, and polymer binding peptides. In another preferred aspect, the peptide of interest is selected from the group consisting of a hair-binding peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 23, and 59-147, a skin binding peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 148 to 155, and a nail binding peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 157. In a further embodiment, the peptide of interest is a multi-block hair-binding peptide. Examples of multi-block hair-binding peptides include, but are not limited to HC77607 (SEQ ID NO: 7), HC77638 (SEQ ID NO: 9), HC77643 (SEQ ID NO: 11), HC77681 (SEQ ID NO: 13), and HC776124 (SEQ ID NO: 23).

Affinity peptides are particularly useful to target benefit agents imparting a desired functionality to a target material (e.g., hair, skin, etc.) for a defined application (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/935,642; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/074,473; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/512,910; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/696,380 for a list of typical benefit agents such as conditioners, pigments/colorants, fragrances, etc.). The benefit agent may be peptide of interest itself or may be one or more molecules bound to (covalently or non-covalently), or associated with, the peptide of interest wherein the binding affinity of the peptide of interest is used to selectively target the benefit agent to the targeted material. In another embodiment, the peptide of interest comprises at least one region having an affinity for at least one target material (e.g., biological molecules, polymers, hair, skin, nail, other peptides, etc.) and at least one region having an affinity for the benefit agent (e.g., pharmaceutical agents, antimicrobial agents, pigments, conditioners, dyes, fragrances, etc.). In another embodiment, the peptide of interest comprises a plurality of regions having an affinity for the target material and a plurality of regions having an affinity for one or more benefit agents. In yet another embodiment, the peptide of interest comprises at least one region having an affinity for a targeted material and a plurality of regions having an affinity for a variety of benefit agents wherein the benefit agents may be the same of different. Examples of benefits agents may include, but are not limited to conditioners for personal care products, pigments, dye, fragrances, pharmaceutical agents (e.g., targeted delivery of cancer treatment agents), diagnostic/labeling agents, ultraviolet light blocking agents (i.e., active agents in sunscreen protectants), and antimicrobial agents (e.g., antimicrobial peptides), to name a few.

Cleavable Peptide Linkers

The use of cleavable peptide linkers (i.e. cleavage sites or cleavage sequences) is well known in the art. Fusion peptides comprising the present inclusion body tags will typically include at least one cleavable sequence separating the inclusion body tag from the polypeptide of interest. The cleavable sequence facilitates separation of the inclusion body tag(s) from the peptide(s) of interest. In one embodiment, the cleavable sequence may be provided by a portion of the inclusion body tag and/or the peptide of interest (e.g., inclusion of an acid cleavable aspartic acid—proline moiety). In a preferred embodiment, the cleavable sequence is provided by including (in the fusion peptide) at least one cleavable peptide linker between the inclusion body tag and the peptide of interest.

Means to cleave the peptide linkers are well known in the art and may include chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage agents, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, one or more chemically cleavable peptide linkers are included in the fusion construct to facilitate recovery of the peptide of interest from the inclusion body fusion protein. Examples of chemical cleavage reagents include cyanogen bromide (cleaves methionine residues), N-chloro succinimide, iodobenzoic acid or BNPS-skatole [2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methylindole] (cleaves tryptophan residues), dilute acids (cleaves at aspartyl-prolyl bonds), and hydroxylamine (cleaves at asparagine-glycine bonds at pH 9.0); see Gavit, P. and Better, M., J. Biotechnol., 79:127-136 (2000); Szoka et al., DNA, 5(1):11-20 (1986); and Walker, J. M., The Proteomics Protocols Handbook, 2005, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.)). In a preferred embodiment, one or more aspartic acid—proline acid cleavable recognition sites (i.e., a cleavable peptide linker comprising one or more D-P dipeptide moieties) are included in the fusion protein construct to facilitate separation of the inclusion body tag(s) form the peptide of interest. In another embodiment, the fusion peptide may include multiple regions encoding peptides of interest separated by one or more cleavable peptide linkers.

In another embodiment, one or more enzymatic cleavage sequences are included in the fusion protein construct to facilitate recovery of the peptide of interest. Proteolytic enzymes and their respective cleavage site specificities are well known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the proteolytic enzyme is selected to specifically cleave only the peptide linker separating the inclusion body tag and the peptide of interest. Examples of enzymes useful for cleaving the peptide linker include, but are not limited to Arg-C proteinase, Asp-N endopeptidase, chymotrypsin, clostripain, enterokinase, Factor Xa, glutamyl endopeptidase, Granzyme B, Achromobacter proteinase I, pepsin, proline endopeptidase, proteinase K, Staphylococcal peptidase I, thermolysin, thrombin, trypsin, and members of the Caspase family of proteolytic enzymes (e.g. Caspases 1-10) (Walker, J. M., supra). An example of a cleavage site sequence is provided by SEQ ID NO: 261 (Caspase-3 cleavage site; Thornberry et al. J. Biol. Chem., 272:17907-17911 (1997) and Tyas et al., EMBO Reports, 1 (3):266-270 (2000)).

Typically, the cleavage step occurs after the insoluble inclusion bodies and/or insoluble fusion peptides are isolated from the cell lysate. The cells can be lysed using any number of means well known in the art (e.g. mechanical and/or chemical lysis). Methods to isolate the insoluble inclusion bodies/fusion peptides from the cell lysate are well known in the art (e.g., centrifugation, filtration, and combinations thereof). Once recovered from the cell lysate, the insoluble inclusion bodies and/or fusion peptides can be treated with a cleavage agent (chemical or enzymatic) to cleavage the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. In one embodiment, the fusion protein and/or inclusion body is diluted and/or dissolved in a suitable solvent prior to treatment with the cleavage agent. In a further embodiment, the cleavage step may be omitted if the inclusion body tag does not interfere with the activity of the peptide of interest.

After the cleavage step, and in a preferred embodiment, the peptide of interest can be separated and/or isolated from the fusion protein and the inclusion body tags based on a differential solubility of the components. Parameters such as pH, salt concentration, and temperature may be adjusted to facilitate separation of the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. In one embodiment, the peptide of interest is soluble while the inclusion body tag and/or fusion protein is insoluble in the defined process matrix (typically an aqueous matrix). In another embodiment, the peptide of interest is insoluble while the inclusion body tag is soluble in the defined process matrix.

In a preferred embodiment, the inclusion body tag comprises an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues with the proviso that the peptide of interest is devoid of cysteine residues (See co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/951,754 entitled “Recombinant Peptide Production Using a Cross-Linkable Solubility Tag”. Upon cleavage, oxidative cross-linking is used to selective cross-link the IBTs (typically insoluble). The conditions are controlled so that the cross-linked IBTs are insoluble while the peptide of interest remains soluble. The soluble peptide of interest is subsequently separated from the cross-linked IBTs using a simple separation technique such as centrifugation and/or filtration.

In an optional embodiment, the peptide of interest may be further purified using any number of well known purification techniques in the art such as ion exchange, gel purification techniques, and column chromatography (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,244), to name a few.

Fusion Peptides

The present inclusion body tags are used to create chimeric polypeptides (“fusion peptides” or “fusion proteins”) that are insoluble within the host cell, forming inclusion bodies. Synthesis and expression of expressible genetic constructs encoding the present fusion peptides is well known to one of skill in the art given the present inclusion body tags.

The present fusion peptides will include at least one of the present inclusion body tags (IBTs) operably linked to at least one peptide of interest. Typically, the fusion peptides will also include at least one cleavable peptide linker having a cleavage site between the inclusion body tag and the peptide of interest. In one embodiment, the inclusion body tag may include a cleavage site whereby inclusion of a separate cleavable peptide linker may not be necessary. In a preferred embodiment, the cleavage method is chosen to ensure that the peptide of interest is not adversely affected by the cleavage agent(s) employed. In a further embodiment, the peptide of interest may be modified to eliminate possible cleavage sites with the peptide so long as the desired activity of the peptide is not adversely affected.

One of skill in the art will recognize that the elements of the fusion protein can be structured in a variety of ways. Typically, the fusion protein will include at least one IBT, at least one peptide of interest (POI), and at least one cleavable peptide linker (CL) comprising a cleavage site (CS) located between the IBT and the POI. The inclusion body tag may be organized as a leader sequence or a terminator sequence relative to the position of the peptide of interest within the fusion peptide. In another embodiment, a plurality of IBTs, POIs, and CLs are used when engineering the fusion peptide. In a further embodiment, the fusion peptide may include a plurality of IBTs (as defined herein), POIs, and CLs that are the same or different.

The fusion peptide should be insoluble in an aqueous matrix at a temperature of 10° C. to 50° C., preferably 10° C. to 40° C. The aqueous matrix typically comprises a pH range of 5 to 12, preferably 6 to 10, and most preferably 6 to 8. The temperature, pH, and/or ionic strength of the aqueous matrix can be adjusted to obtain the desired solubility characteristics of the fusion peptide/inclusion body.

Method to Make a Peptide of Interest Using Insoluble Fusion Peptides

The present inclusion body tags are used to make fusion peptides that form inclusion bodies within the production host. This method is particularly attractive for producing significant amounts of soluble peptide of interest that (1) are difficult to isolation from other soluble components of the cell lysate and/or (2) are difficult to product in significant amounts within the target production host.

In the present methods, a peptide of interest is fused to at least one of the present inclusion body tags, forming an insoluble fusion protein. Expression of the genetic construct encoding the fusion protein produces an insoluble form of the peptide of interest that accumulates in the form of inclusion bodies within the host cell. The host cell is grown for a period of time sufficient for the insoluble fusion peptide to accumulate within the cell.

The host cell is subsequently lysed using any number of techniques well known in the art. The insoluble fusion peptide/inclusion bodies are then separated from the soluble components of the cell lysate using a simple and economical technique such as centrifugation and/or membrane filtration. The insoluble fusion peptide/inclusion body can then be further processed in order to isolate the peptide of interest. Typically, this will include resuspension of the fusion peptide/inclusion body in a liquid matrix suitable for cleaving the fusion peptide, separating the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. The fusion protein is typically designed to include a cleavable peptide linker separating the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest. The cleavage step can be conducted using any number of techniques well known in the art (chemical cleavage, enzymatic cleavage, and combinations thereof). The peptide of interest can then be separated from the inclusion body tag(s) and/or fusion peptides using any number of techniques well known in the art (centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, column chromatography, etc.). Preferably, the peptide of interest (once cleaved from fusion peptide) has a solubility that is significantly different than that of the inclusion body tag and/or remaining fusion peptide. In a further preferred embodiment, oxidative cross-linking is used to selective precipitate the IBT (comprising an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues) from the peptide of interest (when devoid of cross-linkable cysteine residues). As shown herein, derivatives of IBT-136 (i.e. IBT139.CCPGCC, IBT185, and IBT186) were designed to include an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues.

Transformation and Expression

Once the inclusion body tag has been identified and paired with the appropriate peptide of interest, construction of cassettes and vectors that may be transformed in to an appropriate expression host is common and well known in the art. Typically, the vector or cassette contains sequences directing transcription and translation of the relevant chimeric gene, a selectable marker, and sequences allowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration. Suitable vectors comprise a region 5′ of the gene which harbors transcriptional initiation controls and a region 3′ of the DNA fragment which controls transcriptional termination. It is most preferred when both control regions are derived from genes homologous to the transformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such control regions need not be derived from the genes native to the specific species chosen as a production host.

Transcription initiation control regions or promoters, which are useful to drive expression of the genetic constructs encoding the fusion peptides in the desired host cell, are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of driving these constructs is suitable for the present invention including but not limited to CYC1, HIS3, GAL1, GAL10, ADH1, PGK, PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI (useful for expression in Saccharomyces); AOX1 (useful for expression in Pichia); and lac, ara (pBAD), tet, trp, IP_(L), IP_(R), T7, tac, and trc (useful for expression in Escherichia coli) as well as the amy, apr, npr promoters and various phage promoters useful for expression in Bacillus.

Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site may be unnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included.

Preferred host cells for expression of the present fusion peptides are microbial hosts that can be found broadly within the fungal or bacterial families and which grow over a wide range of temperature, pH values, and solvent tolerances. For example, it is contemplated that any of bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi will be suitable hosts for expression of the present nucleic acid molecules encoding the fusion peptides. Because of transcription, translation, and the protein biosynthetic apparatus is the same irrespective of the cellular feedstock, genes are expressed irrespective of the carbon feedstock used to generate the cellular biomass. Large-scale microbial growth and functional gene expression may utilize a wide range of simple or complex carbohydrates, organic acids and alcohols (i.e. methanol), saturated hydrocarbons such as methane or carbon dioxide in the case of photosynthetic or chemoautotrophic hosts. However, the functional genes may be regulated, repressed or depressed by specific growth conditions, which may include the form and amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, oxygen, carbon or any trace micronutrient including small inorganic ions. In addition, the regulation of functional genes may be achieved by the presence or absence of specific regulatory molecules that are added to the culture and are not typically considered nutrient or energy sources. Growth rate may also be an important regulatory factor in gene expression. Examples of host strains include, but are not limited to fungal or yeast species such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Yarrowia, Candida, Hansenula, or bacterial species such as Salmonella, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Zymomonas, Agrobacterium, Erythrobacter, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Corynebacteria, Mycobacterium, Deinococcus, Escherichia, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, Methylomicrobium, Methylocystis, Alcaligenes, Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Anabaena, Thiobacillus, Methanobacterium, Klebsiella, and Myxococcus. Preferred bacterial host strains include Escherichia, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. In a highly preferred aspect, the bacterial host strain is Escherichia coli.

Fermentation Media

Fermentation media in the present invention must contain suitable carbon substrates. Suitable substrates may include but are not limited to monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides such as lactose or sucrose, polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose or mixtures thereof and unpurified mixtures from renewable feedstocks such as cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt. Additionally the carbon substrate may also be one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide, or methanol for which metabolic conversion into key biochemical intermediates has been demonstrated. In addition to one and two carbon substrates methylotrophic organisms are also known to utilize a number of other carbon containing compounds such as methylamine, glucosamine and a variety of amino acids for metabolic activity. For example, methylotrophic yeast are known to utilize the carbon from methylamine to form trehalose or glycerol (Bellion et al., Microb. Growth C ₁ Compd., [Int. Symp.], 7th (1993), 415-32. Editor(s): Murrell, J. Collin; Kelly, Don P. Publisher: Intercept, Andover, UK). Similarly, various species of Candida will metabolize alanine or oleic acid (Sulter et al., Arch. Microbiol. 153:485-489 (1990)). Hence it is contemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon containing substrates and will only be limited by the choice of organism.

Although it is contemplated that all of the above mentioned carbon substrates and mixtures thereof are suitable in the present invention, preferred carbon substrates are glucose, fructose, and sucrose.

In addition to an appropriate carbon source, fermentation media must contain suitable minerals, salts, cofactors, buffers and other components, known to those skilled in the art, suitable for the growth of the cultures and promotion of the expression of the present fusion peptides.

Culture Conditions

Suitable culture conditions can be selected dependent upon the chosen production host. Typically, cells are grown at a temperature in the range of about 25° C. to about 40° C. in an appropriate medium. Suitable growth media may include common, commercially-prepared media such as Luria Bertani (LB) broth, Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth or Yeast medium (YM) broth. Other defined or synthetic growth media may also be used and the appropriate medium for growth of the particular microorganism will be known by one skilled in the art of microbiology or fermentation science. The use of agents known to modulate catabolite repression directly or indirectly, e.g., cyclic adenosine 2′:3′-monophosphate, may also be incorporated into the fermentation medium.

Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation are typically between pH 5.0 to pH 9.0, where pH 6.0 to pH 8.0 is preferred.

Fermentations may be performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions where aerobic conditions are generally preferred.

Industrial Batch and Continuous Fermentations

A classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the medium is inoculated with the desired organism or organisms, and fermentation is permitted to occur without adding anything to the system. Typically, a “batch” fermentation is batch with respect to the addition of carbon source and attempts are often made at controlling factors such as pH and oxygen concentration. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within batch cultures cells moderate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die. Cells in log phase generally are responsible for the bulk of production of end product or intermediate.

A variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system. Fed-Batch fermentation processes are also suitable in the present invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exception that the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses. Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is apt to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the media. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in Fed-Batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO₂. Batch and Fed-Batch fermentations are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Second Edition (1989) Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. (hereinafter “Brock”), or Deshpande, Mukund V., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 36:227 (1992).

Although the present invention is typically performed in batch mode it is contemplated that the method would be adaptable to continuous fermentation methods. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous fermentation generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density where cells are primarily in log phase growth.

Continuous fermentation allows for the modulation of one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by media turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to the medium being drawn off must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology and a variety of methods are detailed by Brock, supra.

It is contemplated that the present invention may be practiced using either batch, fed-batch or continuous processes and that any known mode of fermentation would be suitable.

Applicants specifically incorporate the entire contents of all cited references in this disclosure. Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given either as a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses and conditions.

The meaning of abbreviations used is as follows: “min” means minute(s), “h” means hour(s), “μL” means microliter(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “nm” means nanometer(s), “mm” means millimeter(s), “cm” means centimeter(s), “μm” means micrometer(s), “mM” means millimolar, “M” means molar, “mmol” means millimole(s), “μmol” means micromole(s), “pmol” means picomole(s), “g” means gram(s), “μg” means microgram(s), “mg” means milligram(s), “g” means the gravitation constant, “rpm” means revolutions per minute, “DTT” means dithiothreitol, and “cat#” means catalog number.

General Methods

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used herein are well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J. and Russell, D., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2001); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L. and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Press Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel, F. M. et. al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5^(th) Ed. Current Protocols and John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N.Y., 2002.

Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and growth of bacterial cultures are also well known in the art. Techniques suitable for use in the following Examples may be found in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology, Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. Briggs Phillips, eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1994, or in Brock (supra). All reagents, restriction enzymes and materials used for the growth and maintenance of bacterial cells were obtained from BD Diagnostic Systems (Sparks, MD), Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.), Life Technologies (Rockville, Md.), QIAGEN (Valencia, Calif.) or Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.), unless otherwise specified.

Example 1 Construction of Expression Plasmids

Several expression systems were used to produce the fusion proteins in an E. coli host cell. One expression system was based on E. coli strain BL21-AI (Invitrogen) in combination with a T7-based expression vector (pLX121; SEQ ID NO: 1; FIG. 2) wherein expression of the T7 RNA polymerase is controlled by the araBAD promoter. Another expression system was based on E. coli MG1655 (ATCC 46076™) derived strain in combination with a pBAD-based expression vector (pSF032, FIG. 3, SEQ ID NO: 2 and pLR186, FIG. 4, SEQ ID NO: 51) wherein the endogenous chromosomal copy of the araBAD operon was deleted (the modified E. coli MG1655 strain comprising a disruption in the endogenous araBAD operon is referred to herein as E. coli strain KK2000). The 3′ region downstream and operably linked to the respective promoter in each of the vectors was designed to facilitate simple swapping of the DNA encoding the respective inclusion body tag and/or the peptide of interest. NdeI and BamHI restriction sites flanked the region encoding the inclusion body tag (IBT). BamHI and AscI restriction sites flanked the region encoding the peptide of interest (POI).

The nucleic acid molecules encoding the various fusion peptides were designed to include at least one region encoding an inclusion body tag (IBT) linked to a peptide of interest (POI). As described above, the nucleic acid molecules encoding the components of the fusion peptide was designed to include the appropriate NdeI/BamHI (region encoding the inclusion body tag) and BamHI/AscI restriction sites (region encoding the peptide of interest) to facilitate insertion in the expression vector. Insertion of the nucleic acid molecules created a chimeric gene encoding a fusion peptide operably linked to the respective promoter. The fusion peptide was designed to have an inclusion body tag (IBT) linked to a peptide of interest (POI) where the two components were separated by a cleavable peptide linker (CS; for example, an acid cleavable DP moiety):

Construction of pLX121 Expression Plasmid (T7-Based Expression):

A genetic construct was prepared for evaluating the performance of the inclusion body tags when fused to a soluble peptide of interest. A plasmid (pLX121; FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO: 1) containing a pBR322 origin of replication and the bla gene to confer ampicillin resistance was used. Expression of the chimeric gene was driven by a T7 promoter. Construction of this plasmid is previously described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/516,362, herein incorporated by reference.

Briefly, the pLX121 expression vector was designed from the destination plasmid pDEST17 (Invitrogen. Carlsbad, Calif.). The expression vector was modified so that the chimeric gene encoding the fusion protein was expressed under the control of the T7 promoter. NdeI and BamHI restriction sites were used for easy swapping of the various inclusion body tags. BamHI and AscI restriction sites were used to facilitate swapping of various peptides of interest. The sequence encoding the junction between the inclusion body tag and the peptide of interest was designed to encode an acid cleavable D-P moiety.

Construction of Expression Vector pSF043

The vector pKSI(C4)-HC77623 was derived from the commercially available vector pDEST17 (Invitrogen). Construction of this vector has been previously described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/389,948, herein incorporated by reference. It includes sequences derived from the commercially available vector pET31b (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) that encode a fragment of the enzyme ketosteroid isomerase (KSI; Kuliopulos, A. and Walsh, C. T., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:4599-4607 (1994)). The KSI fragment used as an inclusion body tag to promote partition of the peptides into insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli. The nucleic acid molecule encoding the KSI sequence from pET31b was modified using standard mutagenesis procedures (QuickChange II, Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) to include three additional cysteine codons, in addition to the one cysteine codon found in the wild type KSI sequence, resulting in the inclusion body tag KSI(C4) (SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53). The plasmid pKSI(C4)-HC77623 was constructed using standard recombinant DNA methods well known to those skilled in the art. The BamHI and AscI restriction sites facilitated swapping of nucleic acid molecules encoding the various peptides of interest. The inserts were designed to encode an acid cleavable DP moiety useful in separating the inclusion body tag from the peptide of interest.

The HC77643 gene was synthesized by DNA 2.0 with appropriate restriction sites on either end and cloned into the KSI(C4)-HC77623 vector as described above, creating pSF043 (SEQ ID NO: 50; FIG. 5). The sequences of the chimeric gene and the corresponding gene product (fusion peptide KSI(C4)-HC77643) are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 54 and 55, respectively).

Construction of pSF032 Expression Plasmid (pBAD-Based Expression)

Plasmid pSF032 (SEQ ID NO: 2; FIG. 3) contains a ColE1 type origin of replication and the bla gene to confer ampicillin resistance. The tag/peptide fusion construct is driven by the araBAD promoter. The plasmid also encodes the gene for the araC regulator.

Plasmid pSF032 was derived from the commercially available plasmid pBAD-HisA (Invitrogen). Briefly, a modified multiple cloning site (MCS) was cloned in pBAD-HisA and the NdeI restriction site at position 2844 was removed to create a single NdeI site downstream of the PBAD promoter. The resulting plasmid was named pBAD-HisA_MCSmod. The NdeI/EcoRI fragment of plasmid pKSIC4-HC77623 was inserted into the NdeI/EcoRI site of pBAD-HisA_MCSmod, creating plasmid pSF004_pBAD-KSIC4-HC77623. Plasmid pSF032 was created from plasmid pSF004 by removing the coding region for the HC77623 peptide and inserting the coding region for peptide HC77638 (see Example 2).

Construction of pLR186 Expression Plasmid (araBAD Based Expression):

Plasmid pLR186 (SEQ ID NO: 51; FIG. 4) contains a ColE1 type origin of replication, the bla gene to confer ampicillin resistance and the aadA-1 gene to confer spectinomycin (Spec) resistance. The tag/peptide fusion construct is driven by the araBAD promoter. The plasmid also encodes the gene for the araC regulator.

Plasmid pLR186 was derived from the commercially available plasmid pBAD-HisA (Invitrogen). Briefly, a modified multiple cloning site (MCS) was cloned in pBAD-HisA and the NdeI restriction site at position 2844 was removed to create a single NdeI site downstream of the PBAD promoter. The resulting plasmid was named pBAD-HisA_MCSmod. The NdeI/EcoRI fragment of plasmid pKSIC4-HC77623 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/389,948) was inserted into the NdeI/EcoRI site of pBAD-HisA_MCSmod, creating plasmid pSF004_pBAD-KSIC4-HC77623. The HindIII fragment of plasmid pCL 1920 (Lerner and Inouye, Nucleic Acids Research, 18:4631 (1990); GENBANK® Accession No. AB236930) comprising the spectinomycin resistance gene (aadA-1) was inserted into pSF004_pBAD-KSI4-HC77623, creating plasmid pLR042. Plasmid pLR186 (FIG. 4; SEQ ID NO: 49) was created from plasmid pLR042 by removing the coding region for the KSIC4-HC77623 fusion peptide and inserting the coding region for fusion peptide IBT139-HC776124 (i.e. a fusion peptide comprising inclusion body tag IBT-139 linked to the HC776124 peptide of interest; see Example 4).

Example 2 Construction of Various Peptides of Interest

Five multi-block hair binding peptides were designed with the following amino acid sequences. Construction of multi-block hair binding peptides have been reported (see co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/389,948 and 11/074,473). The soluble multi-block peptides (i.e. the “peptides of interest”) were used to evaluate the present inclusion body tags. Each of the multi-block hair binding peptides comprises one or more hair binding domains. The functional binding domains are provided in Table 1. Hair-binding domains (bold) include A09 (IPWWNIRAPLNA; SEQ ID NO: 3; also found to bind to polymethylmethacrylate), KF11 (NTSQLST; SEQ ID NO: 4), and D21′ (RTNAADHP; SEQ ID NO: 5). The affinity domains with the multi-block peptides are typically separated by short peptide spacers. The DP acid cleavable moieties are italicized.

TABLE 1 Soluble Peptides of Interest Used to Evaluate the Present Inclusion Body Tags Formula Peptide (Functional Binding Amino acid Nucleic acid Name Domains in Bold) Amino acid Sequence SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: HC77607 GSDP-KF11-GGG-D21′- GSDPNTSQLSTGGGRTNAADHPKCGGGNTSQLSTGGG 6 7 KCGGG-KF11-GGG-D21′- RTNAADHPKCGGGNTSQLSTGGGRTNAADHPKC KCGGG-KF11-GGG-D21′- KC HC77638 GS[DPG-KF11-GKG-KF11- GSDPGNTSQLSTGKGNTSQLSTGKGNTSQLSTGKGWG 8 9 GKG-KF11-GKGWG]₂D DPGNTSQLSTGKGNTSQLSTGKGNTSQLSTGKGWGD HC77643 GSDPG-A09-GAG-A09- GSDPGIPWWNIRAPLNAGAGIPWWNIRAPLNAGGSGPG 10 11 GGSGPGSGG-KF11-GGG- SGGNTSQLSTGGGNTSQLST GGPKK KF11-GGPKK HC77681 GSDP-KF11- GSDPNTSQLSTGGGGHGHQKQHGLGHGHKHGHGHGH 12 13 GGGHGHQKQHGLGHGHK GHGK HGHGHGHGHGK

Example 3 Identification of Inclusion Body Tags

Several fusion partner sequences (“inclusion body tags”) were evaluated for their ability to drive the resulting fusion peptides (when operably linked to a short, generally soluble peptide of interest) into intracellular insoluble inclusion bodies. Various hair-binding peptide constructs (HC77607, HC77638, HC77643, and HC77681) were cloned into the tag library (parent plasmid pLX121, see sequence below). Expression of the fusion products are driven from a T7 promoter. In E. coli BL21-AI, expression of the T7 RNA polymerase gene is under control of the araBAD promoter (i.e. arabinose inducible expression). In addition, HC77638 was also cloned into a tag library composed of the same tags, but different parent plasmid (parent pSF032, see sequence below) that drives expression of the fusion products from a araBAD promoter. The genes encoding the soluble hair binding peptides (e.g., peptides of interest) were cloned downstream of the tag sequences in a batch cloning approach using restriction enzyme sites BamHI at the 5′ and AscI at the 3′ end.

All constructs in parent plasmid pLX121 were transformed into E. coli BL21-AI cells (Invitrogen), constructs in parent plasmid pSF032 were transformed into E. coli MG1655 (ATCC 46076™) with a deletion in the endogenous chromosomal copy of the araBAD operon. About 1000 transformants were screened for each library. Positive hits were run on SDS-PAGE gels. To confirm the results, 3 mL growths in LB (plus 100 μg/mL of ampicillin) were inoculated with 30 μL of an overnight culture of the respective constructs. The cultures were grown to OD₆₀₀ of about 0.4 and induced with 0.2% arabinose and grown for 3 hours. To determine soluble versus insoluble cell content, the cells were lysed and soluble and insoluble fractions were run on an SDS-PAGE gel.

Upon analysis of the results it became apparent that for every library that was screened, at least one of four inclusion body tags that were composed of similar sequences was able to drive the fusion proteins into inclusion bodies (Table 2). Not only was a member of this tag family able to drive each tested peptide into insoluble IBs, it was also able to do that in different E. coli strains and with different promoters driving the expression.

TABLE 2 Summary of results obtained by the several IB tags. Information of the tags is shown in the left half of the table. The right half of the table shows the expression level obtained for each of the HC construct in its respective E. coli strain. The value 1 refers to medium expression level, 2 refers to high expression level. nd = not detected in screen. Inclusion Body Tag Peptide of Interest and Expression System Solubility Amino Acid Sequence and the Relative Expression Ranking Tag (SEQ ID NO:) HC77607 HC77638 HC77638 HC77643 HC77681 IBT103 QQRFQWQFEQQPRGQQRFQW 2 1 2 1 nd QFEQQPEGQQRFQWQFEQQ (SEQ ID NO: 15) IBT136 QQRFQWQFEQQ 1 nd nd nd nd (SEQ ID NO: 17) IBT138 QQRFQWQFEQQPEGQQRFQW 2 nd nd nd 2 QFEQQ (SEQ ID NO: 19) IBT139 QQRFQWQFEQQPRGQQRFQW 1 nd nd 2 nd QFEQQPRGQQRFQWQFEQQP EGQQRFQWQFEQQ (SEQ ID NO: 21)

Example 4 Use of IBT139 to Drive Additional Peptides of Interest into Inclusion Bodies

To determine whether this family of tags is generally useful in driving proteins into inclusion bodies, the largest member of this family, IBT139, was further evaluated with a protein that has not undergone the screening process with the tag library.

Construction of Fusion Peptide IBT139.HC776124

The nucleic acid molecule (SEQ ID NO: 22) encoding HC776124 (SEQ ID NOs: 23) was ordered by DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.) and cloned into restriction sites BamHI (5′) and AscI (3′) of parent plasmid pLR042, creating plasmid pLR186 (SEQ ID NO: 49). The nucleic acid molecule encoding IBT139 (SEQ ID NO: 20) was cloned into restriction sites NdeI (5′) and BamHI (3′), resulting in a chimeric gene (SEQ ID NO: 24) encoding fusion protein IBT139.HC776124 (SEQ ID NO: 25).

Construct: IBT139.HC776124

The design of peptide HC776124 is provided in Table 3. Peptide HC776124 (a dimer of HC77643) is comprised of several hair binding domains including A09 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and KF11 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (bold). The acid cleavable DP moieties are italicized (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Organization of HC776124. Peptide Amino acid Nucleic Acid Amino Acid Name Formula Sequence SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: HC776124 GSD(PG-A09-GAG- GSDPGIPWWNIRAP 22 23 A09-GGSGPGSGG- LNAGAGIPWWNIRA KF11-GGG-KF11- PLNAGGSGPGSGGN GGPKKPGD)2 TSQLSTGGGNTSQL STGGPKKPGDPGIP WWNIRAPLNAGAGI PWWNIRAPLNAGGS GPGSGGNTSQLSTG GGNTSQLSTGGPKK PGD

Strain Growth and IB Analysis.

A 3 mL growth in LB (plus 100 μg/mL of ampicillin) was inoculated with 30 μL of an overnight culture of the respective constructs. The culture was grown to OD₆₀₀ of about 0.4 and induced with 0.2% arabinose and grown for 3 hours. To determine soluble versus insoluble cell content, the cells were lysed and soluble and insoluble fractions were run on an SDS-PAGE gel.

Result:

The fusion protein IBT139.HC776124 was produced in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies.

Example 5 Small Inclusion Body Tag (IBT186) Comprising an Effective Number of Cross-linkable Cysteines Can be Separated from the Cleaved Peptide Mixture by Oxidative Cross-Linking and Precipitation

The purpose of this example is to show that a small tag inclusion body tag (e.g. IBT186; SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 27) containing an effective number of cross-linkable cysteine residues (IBT186 contains 4 cysteine residues) can drive both inclusion body formation while being easy to separate using oxidative cross-linking. The example also shows that a small inclusion body tag previously shown to be effective in inducing inclusion body formation can be modified to contain an effective amount of cross-linkable cysteine residues (IBT186 is derived from small tag IBT139 (Examples 3-4) with four cross-linkable cysteines distributed within its sequence) while maintaining its ability to effective drive inclusion body formation. The presence of four cysteines allows simple precipitation of the tag after cleavage of tag and peptide.

Construction, Cloning and Initial Analysis of IBT186.HC776124:

The nucleic acid molecule (SEQ ID NO: 26) encoding IBT186 was synthesized by DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, Calif.) and cloned into restriction sites NdeI (5′) and BamHI (3′) of plasmid pLR186 (expression driven off PBAD promoter) to make a fusion with the HC776124 construct, creating a chimeric gene (SEQ ID NO: 28) encoding fusion peptide IBT186.HC776124 (SEQ ID NO: 29). The resulting plasmid (pLR238) was transformed into E. coli MG1655 (ATCC 46076™) with the araBAD operon deleted.

A 3-mL growth in LB (plus 100 μg/mL of ampicillin) was inoculated with 30 μL of an overnight culture. The culture was grown to OD₆₀₀ of about 0.4 and induced with 0.2% arabinose and grown for 3 hours. To determine soluble versus insoluble cell content, the cells were lysed and soluble and insoluble fractions were run on an SDS-PAGE gel. The fusion protein was produced in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies.

Large Scale Preparation and Isolation of Fusion Protein IBT186.HC776124: Growth Conditions:

E. coli cells were fermented in a 10-L vessel unless otherwise noted. The fermentation proceeded in three stages:

-   -   1. Preparation of 125-mL of seed inoculum. Cells containing the         construct of interest were inoculated in 125-mL of 2YT seed         medium (10 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L NaCl and         appropriate antibiotic) and grown for several hours at 37° C.     -   2. Growth in batch phase. The 125-mL of inoculum was added to 6         L of batch medium (9 g/L KH₂PO₄, 4 g/L (NH₄)₂HPO₄ 1.2 g/L         MgSO₄.7H₂O, 1.7 g/L citric acid, 5 g/L yeast extract, 0.1 mL/L         Biospumex 153K antifoam, 4.5 mg/L Thiamine.HCl, 23 g/L glucose,         10 mL/L trace elements, 50 mg/L uracil, appropriate antibiotic,         pH 6.7) at 37° C.     -   3. Growth in fed batch phase. After about 12 hours of growth in         the batch phase, the fed-batch phase was initiated. Fed-batch         medium (2 g/L MgSO₄.7H₂O, 4 g/L (NH₄)₂HPO₄ 9 g/L KH₂PO₄, 1-2         g/min Glucose) was added at a constant rate to the reactor for         about 15 hours at 37° C. 4 hours before the end of the fed-batch         phase the cells were induced to express the POI by adding 2 g/L         L-arabinose.

Fermentation Broth Processing Oxidative Cross-linking and Analysis

The whole fermentation broth was passed through an APV model 2000 Gaulin type homogenizer at 12,000 psi (82,700 kPa) for three passes. The broth was cooled to below 5° C. prior to each homogenization. The homogenized broth was immediately processed through a Westfalia WHISPERFUGE™ (Westfalia Separator Inc., Northvale, N.J.) stacked disc centrifuge at 600 mL/min and 12,000 relative centrifugal force (RCF) to separate inclusion bodies from suspended cell debris and dissolved impurities. The recovered paste was re-suspended at 15 g/L (dry basis) in water and the pH adjusted to about 10.0 using NaOH. The suspension was passed through the APV 2000 Gaulin type homogenizer at 12,000 psi (82,700 kPa) for a single pass to provide rigorous mixing. The homogenized pH 10 suspension was immediately processed in a Westfalia WHISPERFUGE™ stacked disc centrifuge at 600 mL/min and 12,000 RCF to separate the washed Inclusion bodies from suspended cell debris and dissolved impurities. The recovered paste was resuspended at 15 gm/L (dry basis) in pure water. The suspension was passed through the APV 2000 Gaulin type homogenizer at 12,000 psi (82,700 kPa) for a single pass to provide rigorous washing. The homogenized suspension was immediately processed in a Westfalia WHISPERFUGE™ stacked disc centrifuge at 600 mL/min and 12,000 RCF to separate the washed Inclusion bodies from residual suspended cell debris and NaOH. The recovered paste was resuspended in pure water at 25 gm/L (dry basis) and the pH or the mixture adjusted to 2.2 using HCl. The acidified suspension was heated to 70° C. for 14 hours to complete cleavage of the DP site separating the fusion peptide from the product peptide. The product was pH neutralized (note: the pH used may vary depending upon the solubility of the peptide being recovered) and cooled to ˜5° C. and held for 12 hours. During this step the suspension was held in a 500-mL or 1-L bottle no more than 3/4 full to ensure adequate presence of oxygen to ensure cysteine cross linking through disulfide formation. The mixture was then centrifuged at 9000 RCF for 30 minutes and the supernatant decanted for HPLC analysis.

HPLC Analysis

The supernatant was filtered with a 0.2 micron membrane. The filtered product was loaded in a 22×250 mm reverse phase chromatography column GraceVydac® (218TP1022) containing 10 micron C18 media which was preconditioned with 10% acetonitrile (ACN), 90% water with 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The product was recovered in a purified state by eluting the column with a gradient of water and acetonitrile (ACN) ramping from 10% to 25% acetonitrile (ACN) in water with TFA at 0.1% v/v at room temperature and approximately 10 mL/min. Spectrophotometric detection at 220 nm was used to monitor and track elution of the product peptide.

Oxidative Cross-Linking to Separate the IBT from the Peptide of Interest

The protein was purified as described above. After the acid cleavage and pH neutralization, the mixture was stored at ˜5° C. for about 6 hours to allow the cysteines to form cross-linked bonds. Ambient air exposure provided oxygen to cause cysteine cross-linking. The mixture was centrifuged at 9000 RCF for 30 minutes and the precipitated inclusion body tag was separated from the soluble peptide of interest.

Results after Oxidative Cross-Linking:

SDS-PAGE gel analysis of both the precipitate paste and the remaining soluble fraction showed the presence of IBT186 in the insoluble paste and HC776124 remaining in the soluble fraction. This was further confirmed by HPLC, which showed only the presence of HC776124 in the soluble fraction (see Table 4).

Example 6 Introduction of Multiple Cysteines to the Terminus of an Inclusion Body Tag Promotes Oxidative Cross-linking While Retaining the Ability to Effectively Drive Fusion Peptides into Inclusion Bodies

The purpose of this example is to show that the addition of at least one cross-linkable cysteine motif comprising effective number of cysteine residues to the terminus of an inclusion body tag creates a cross-linkable IBT, even when the cysteines are spaced closely together. A cross-linkable cysteine motif was added to an inclusion body tag normally devoid of cross-linkable cysteine residues (i.e. IBT139; SEQ ID NO: 21), creating cysteine modified tag “IBT139.CCPGCC” (SEQ ID NOs: 30-31). The addition of the motif did not alter the IBT's ability to drive inclusion body formation while the modification facilitated simple separation of the tag using oxidative cross-linking. The results of the cross-linking experiments are summarized in Table 4.

Cloning and Initial Analysis of Fusion Peptide IBT139.CCPGCC. HC776124:

To facilitate crosslinking, the tetracysteine tag CCPGCC (SEQ ID NOs: 32-33) was introduced at the end of the inclusion body promoting sequence IBT139 (SEQ ID NO: 21) which does not naturally contain cysteine residues, resulting in IBT139.CCPGCC (SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 31). The CCPGCC tetracysteine tag is the LUMIO™ biarsenical dye binding motif. The LUMIO™ Green detection kit was obtained from Invitrogen (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

The oligonucleotides encoding the tetracysteine tag were synthesized by Sigma Genosys. The top strand oligo 5′-GATCTTGCTGTCCGGGCTGTTGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34) and the bottom strand oligo 5′-GATCCGCAACAGCCCGGACAGCAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35) were annealed with a BglII overhang at the 5′ end and a BamHI overhang at the 3′ end. The annealed double stranded fragment was cloned into the BamHI site of a peptide expression plasmid pLR186, creating plasmid pLR199. Plasmid pLR199 contained the peptide of interest HC776124 fused to the inclusion body promoting sequence IBT139 expressed by the PBAD promoter. The resulting clone contained the tetracysteine tag CCPGCC (SEQ ID NO: 33) inserted after the inclusion body promoting sequence and before the acid cleavage site. The nucleic acid molecule encoding fusion peptide IBT139.CCPGCC.HC776124 is provided as SEQ ID NO:36 and the resulting fusion peptide is provided as SEQ ID NO: 37.

Introduction of the tetracysteine moiety did not affect expression or localization of the peptides by running an equivalent number of cells on a protein gel and seeing same levels of expression. The overexpressed protein was shown to be in the form of inclusion bodies by treating the cells with CELLYTIC™ Express and verifying that they were in the insoluble fraction. The inclusion body promoting sequence IBT139 with addition of the cross-linkable CCPGCC tag did not alter the inclusiobn body tag's ability to form inclusion bodies (Table 4).

Production of Product Protein:

The protein was produced purified as described in Example 5. After the acid cleavage and pH neutralization, the mixture was stored at ˜5° C. for at least 6 hours to allow the cysteines to form cross-linked bonds. Ambient air exposure provided oxygen to cause cysteine cross-linking. The mixture was centrifuged at 9000 RCF for 30 minutes and the precipitated tag was separated from the soluble peptide.

Results:

SDS-PAGE gel analysis of both the precipitated paste and the remaining soluble fraction showed the presence of the inclusion body tag (IBT139.CCPGCC) in the insoluble paste and the peptide of interest (HC776124) remaining in the soluble fraction. This was further confirmed by HPLC analysis, which showed only the presence of HC776124 in the soluble fraction. The results of the cross-linking experiments are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Summary of Cross-Linking Results IBT Number of Separation Induces Cysteines via Oxidative IB in the Cross-linking Formation inclusion and Centri- Construct Evaluated in Cell body tag fugation IBT139.HC776124 Yes None No IBT186.HC776124 Yes 4 Yes IBT139.CCPGCC.HC776124 Yes 4 Yes

Example 7 Preparation of Additional Inclusion Body Tags

Additional inclusion body tags were designed based on the IBT136. The overall scheme to test fusion partner sequences (IBT182, IBT183, IBT184, IBT185, IBT186 (also evaluated with HC776124 as described above), IBT187a, and IBT187b) was to design DNA oligonucleotides that when annealed generate the stick-ends required for directional cloning of the fusion partner in-frame with the test expression peptide, HC77643.

Various combinations of synthetic, complementary oligonucleotides were assembled having E. coli codon biased codons. The oligonucleotide pairs were designed to test various sequence modification based on the sequence of IBT136 (Table 5).

Generation of Putative IBTs

An example of the methodology used to generate, test putative fusion partners follows. A nucleic acid molecule (SEQ ID NO: 38) encoding the amino acid sequence of IBT182 (QQHFHWHFQQQPRGQQHFHWHFQQQPEGQQHFHWHFQQQ; SEQ ID NO: 39) was assembled from two complementary synthetic E. coli codon biased oligonucleotides (Sigma-Genosys). Overhangs were included in each oligonucleotide as to generate cohesive end compatible with the restriction sites NdeI and BamHI.

The oligonucleotides were annealed by combining 100 pmol of each oligonucleotide in deionized water into one tube and heated in a water bath set at 99° C. for 10 minutes after which the water bath was turned off. The oligonucleotides were allowed to anneal slowly until the water bath reached room temperature (20-25° C.). The annealed oligonucleotides were diluted in 100 μL water prior to ligation into the test vector. The vector pSF043 (SEQ ID NO: 50) comprises the HC77643 peptide of interest linked to the KSI(C4) (SEQ ID NOs: 52-53) inclusion body tag, resulting in fusion peptide KSI(C4).HC77643 (SEQ ID NOs: 54-55). The vector was digested in Buffer 2 (New England Biolabs, Beverly Mass.) comprising 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT); pH ˜7.9) with the NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes to release a 381 bp fragment corresponding to IBT KSI(C4).

The NdeI-BamHI fragments from the digested plasmid were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the vector was purified from the gel by using Qiagen QIAquick® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN Valencia, Calif.; cat# 28704).

The diluted and annealed oligonucleotides (approximately 0.2 μmol) were ligated with T4 DNA Ligase (New England Biolabs Beverly, Mass.; catalog #M0202) to NdeI-BamHI digested, gel purified, plasmid (approximately 50 ng) at 12° C. for 18 hours. DNA sequence analysis confirmed the expected plasmid sequence.

The expression vector comprising the chimeric gene encoding IBT182 fused to the HC77643 peptide of interest was transformed into the arabinose inducible expression strain E. coli BL21-A1 (Invitrogen). To produce the recombinant protein, 3 mL of LB-ampicillin broth (10 g/L bacto-tryptone, 5 g/L bacto-yeast extract, 10 g/L NaCl, 100 mg/L ampicillin; pH 7.0) was inoculated with one colony of the transformed bacteria and the culture was shaken at 37° C. until the OD₆₀₀ reached 0.6. Expression was induced by adding 0.03 mL of 20% L-arabinose (final concentration 0.2%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) to the culture and shaking was continued for another 3 hours. For whole cell analysis, 0.1 OD₆₀₀ mL of cells were collected, pelleted, and 0.06 mL SDS PAGE sample buffer (1×LDS Sample Buffer (Invitrogen cat# NP0007), 6 M urea, 100 mM DTT) was added directly to the whole cells. The samples were heated at 99° C. for 10 minutes to solubilize the proteins. The solubilized proteins were then loaded onto 4-12% gradient MES NUPAGE® gels (NUPAGE® gels cat #NP0322, MES Buffer cat# NP0002; Invitrogen) and visualized with a COOMASSIE® G-250 stain (SimplyBlue™ SafeStain; Invitrogen; cat# LC6060) for inclusion body formation.

The above cloning and expression scheme was repeated for IBT183, IBT184, IBT185, IBT186, IBT187a, and IBT187b. IBT187b was generated as a cloning artifact from IBT187a. The presence or absence of the fusion peptide in the form of inclusion bodies was determined. The sequence of the various inclusion body tags as well as their ability to drive inclusion body formation of a normally soluble peptide of interest (HC77643) was determined and reported in Table 5.

Table 5: Summary of the results obtained by additional IBTs derived from the IBT136. The presence or absence of inclusion body formation was determined.

TABLE 5 Inclusion Body Formation Solubility Amino Acid Sequence with Tag (SEQ ID NO.) HC77643 IBT182 QQHFHWHFQQQPRGQQHFHWHFQQQPEGQ Yes QHFHWHFQQQ (SEQ ID NO: 39) IBT183 QQHFHWHFQQQPRGQQKFKWKFQQQPEGQ Yes QHFHWHFQQQ (SEQ ID NO: 41) IBT184 QQKFHWHFQQQPRGQQKFHWHFQQQPEGQ Yes QKFHWHFQQQ (SEQ ID NO: 43) IBT185 MASPCGQQRFQWQFEQQPCGQQRFQWQFE Yes QQPCGQQRFQWQFEQQPCG (SEQ ID NO: 45) IBT186 MASCGQQRFQWQFEQQPRCGQQRFQWQFE Yes QQPECGQQRFQWQFEQQPC (SEQ ID NO: 27) IBT187a QQKFKWKFQQQPRGQQKFKWKFQQQPEGQ Yes QKFKWKFQQQ (SEQ ID NO: 47) IBT187b QQKFKWKFQQQPRGQQKFKWKFQQQPRGQ Yes QKFKWKFQQQPEGQQKFKWKFQKQ (SEQ ID NO: 49) 

1. An inclusion body tag comprising the structure: Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln-Spacer-[[Gln-Gln-Xaa1-Phe-Xaa2-Trp-Xaa3-Phe-Xaa4-Xaa5-Gln]-[Spacer]_(m)]_(n) wherein Xaa1=Arg, His, or Lys; Xaa2=Gln, His, or Lys; Xaa3=Gln, His, or Lys; Xaa4=Glu or Gln; Xaa5=Gln or Lys; n=1 to 10; m=n−1; and Spacer=is a peptide comprising the amino acids selected from the group consisting of proline, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, and cysteine.
 2. The inclusion body tag of claim 1 further comprising at least one cross-linkable cysteine moiety comprising SEQ ID NO: 33 wherein that at least one cross-linkable cysteine moiety is located on the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of said inclusion body tag.
 3. The inclusion body tag of claim 2 having a single cross-linkable cysteine moiety is a single cross-linkable cysteine moiety located on either the amino terminus or the carboxy terminus of said inclusion body tag.
 4. The inclusion body tag of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, and SEQ ID NO:
 49. 5. A fusion peptide comprising the inclusion body tag of claim 1 or claim 2 operably linked to at least one peptide of interest.
 6. The fusion peptide of claim 5 further comprising at least one cleavage site separating the inclusion body tag from the at least one peptide of interest.
 7. The fusion peptide of claim 6 wherein the peptide of interest is selected from the group consisting of a polymer-binding peptide, a hair-binding peptide, a nail-binding peptide, a skin-binding peptide, an antimicrobial peptide, a clay-binding peptide, a pigment-binding peptide, and a cellulose-binding peptide.
 8. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the hair-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 23, and 59-147.
 9. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the skin-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 148 to
 155. 10. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the nail-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 156 to
 157. 11. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the polymer-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 218 to
 244. 12. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the antimicrobial peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 158 to
 186. 13. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the clay-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 245 to
 260. 14. The fusion peptide according to claim 7 wherein the pigment-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 187 to
 211. 15. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a fusion peptide comprising the inclusion body tag of claim 1 or claim 2 operably linked to at least one peptide of interest.
 16. An expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 15. 17. A vector comprising the expression cassette of claim
 16. 18. A microbial host cell comprising the vector of claim
 17. 19. The microbial host cell of claim 18, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Yarrowia, Candida, Hansenula, Salmonella, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Zymomonas, Agrobacterium, Erythrobacter, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium, Corynebacteria, Mycobacterium, Deinococcus, Escherichia, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, Methylomicrobium, Methylocystis, Alcaligenes, Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Anabaena, Thiobacillus, Methanobacterium, Klebsiella, and Myxococcus.
 20. A method for expressing a peptide in insoluble form comprising: a) synthesizing an expressible genetic construct encoding a fusion peptide comprising a first portion encoding the inclusion body tag of claim 1 or claim 2 operably linked to a second portion encoding a peptide of interest; b) transforming an expression host cell with the genetic construct of (a); c) growing the transformed host cell of (b) under conditions wherein the expressible genetic construct is expressed and the encoded fusion peptide is produced in an insoluble form; and d) recovering said fusion peptide in said insoluble form.
 21. A method for the production of a peptide of interest comprising: a) synthesizing a genetic construct encoding a fusion peptide comprising a first portion encoding the inclusion body tag of claim 1 or claim 2 operably linked to a second portion encoding at least one peptide of interest; wherein said first portion and said second portion are separated by at least one cleavable peptide linker; b) transforming an expression host cell with the genetic construct of (a); c) growing the transformed host cell of (b) under conditions wherein the genetic construct is expressed and the encoded fusion peptide is produced in an insoluble form; d) recovering the fusion peptide in said insoluble form; e) cleaving said fusion peptide said at least one cleavable peptide linker whereby said first portion of the fusion peptide is no longer fused to said second portion; and f) recovering said peptide of interest.
 22. The method according to claim 21 wherein the cleavable peptide linker is cleaved using chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, or combinations thereof.
 23. The method according to claim 21 wherein the peptide of interest is selected from the group consisting of a polymer-binding peptide, a hair-binding peptide, a nail-binding peptide, a skin-binding peptide, a clay-binding peptide, a pigment-binding peptide, a cellulose-binding peptide, and an antimicrobial peptide.
 24. The method according to claim 23 wherein the hair-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 23, and 59-147.
 25. The method according to claim 23 wherein the skin-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 148 to
 155. 26. The method according to claim 23 wherein the nail-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 156 to
 157. 27. The method according to claim 23 wherein the polymer binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 218 to
 244. 28. The method according to claim 23 wherein the clay-binding peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 245 to
 260. 29. The method according to claim 23 wherein the antimicrobial peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 158 to
 186. 